diff --git a/backend/app/api/http/sessions.py b/backend/app/api/http/sessions.py
index c22ddb6..d5f3b4d 100644
--- a/backend/app/api/http/sessions.py
+++ b/backend/app/api/http/sessions.py
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import logging
 import time
 from collections.abc import AsyncIterator
 from datetime import UTC, datetime
+from typing import Literal
 from uuid import UUID
 
 from fastapi import APIRouter, Depends, HTTPException, Query, Request, Response
@@ -23,7 +24,7 @@ from app.db.base import get_session
 from app.db.models import Group, Score, Session, Trainee
 from app.domain.events import Exercise, SessionMode, SessionReport
 from app.domain.roles import Role
-from app.domain.statuses import SERVICE_STATUS_LABELS, StationSnapshot, current
+from app.domain.statuses import SERVICE_STATUS_LABELS, DdsQueueCard, StationSnapshot, current
 from app.domain.timers import TimerCode
 from app.scoring.export import to_csv, to_pdf
 from app.scoring.report import build as build_report
@@ -32,6 +33,7 @@ from app.session.checkpoint import load_state
 from app.session.finish import override_score
 from app.session.score import scoring_scenario
 from app.session.hub import hub
+from app.session.state import SessionState
 from app.session.store import ScoreOverridden, apply_score_override
 from app.voice.recording import recording_path
 
@@ -86,6 +88,15 @@ class DdsHistoryOut(BaseModel):
     recipient_services: list[str] = []
 
 
+class Signal(BaseModel):
+    """Одна строка колонки сигналов реестра. Цвет несёт смысл только через
+    `severity`; текст обязателен и не заменяется цветом."""
+
+    kind: Literal["backlog", "refusals", "offline"]
+    severity: Literal["warn", "violated"]
+    text: str
+
+
 class ActiveSessionOut(BaseModel):
     session_id: UUID
     trainee_name: str | None
@@ -101,6 +112,7 @@ class ActiveSessionOut(BaseModel):
     dds_work_overdue_cards: int
     dds_statuses: dict[str, str]
     dds_snapshot: StationSnapshot | None = None
+    signals: list[Signal] = []
 
 
 def _out(session) -> SessionOut:
@@ -184,6 +196,44 @@ async def dds_history(
     return result
 
 
+def _signals(state: SessionState, queue: list[DdsQueueCard], now: datetime) -> list[Signal]:
+    """Сигналы реестра: очередь, повторные отказы, курсант не на связи.
+
+    Не завязаны на паузу занятия (`session.pause`, если появится) — очередь,
+    отказы и присутствие сокета не читают таймеры. Присутствие — по наличию
+    подписчика в хабе; окно нужно, чтобы короткий разрыв соединения не сразу
+    считался потерей связи курсанта.
+    """
+    settings = get_settings()
+    signals: list[Signal] = []
+    if len(queue) >= settings.signal_backlog_threshold:
+        signals.append(Signal(
+            kind="backlog", severity="warn",
+            text=f"Очередь: {len(queue)} необработанных карточек",
+        ))
+    if state.consecutive_refusals >= settings.signal_refusals_threshold:
+        signals.append(Signal(
+            kind="refusals", severity="warn",
+            text=f"Подряд отказов: {state.consecutive_refusals}",
+        ))
+    connected = (
+        hub.station_connected(state.session_id) if state.exercise is Exercise.DDS
+        else hub.trainee_connected(state.session_id)
+    )
+    if connected:
+        state.socket_last_seen_at = now
+    offline_seconds = (
+        (now - state.socket_last_seen_at).total_seconds()
+        if state.socket_last_seen_at is not None else 0
+    )
+    if offline_seconds >= settings.signal_offline_window_seconds:
+        signals.append(Signal(
+            kind="offline", severity="violated",
+            text=f"Курсант не на связи {int(offline_seconds)} с",
+        ))
+    return signals
+
+
 @router.get("/active", response_model=list[ActiveSessionOut])
 async def active(
     request: Request,
@@ -262,6 +312,7 @@ async def active(
             ),
             dds_statuses=latest_statuses,
             dds_snapshot=station,
+            signals=_signals(state, queue, now),
         ))
     return result
 
diff --git a/backend/app/config.py b/backend/app/config.py
index e318cf4..ff17222 100644
--- a/backend/app/config.py
+++ b/backend/app/config.py
@@ -120,6 +120,11 @@ class Settings(BaseSettings):
     def limit_ms(self, code: TimerCode) -> int:
         return self.timer_limits_ms.get(code, NORMATIVES[code].limit_ms)
 
+    # Пороги сигналов реестра живых занятий (пульт преподавателя).
+    signal_backlog_threshold: int = Field(default=4, ge=1)
+    signal_refusals_threshold: int = Field(default=2, ge=1)
+    signal_offline_window_seconds: int = Field(default=45, ge=1)
+
     def validate_deployment_security(self) -> None:
         """Reject known development authentication defaults on a production app."""
         if self.app_env != "production":
diff --git a/backend/app/session/dds.py b/backend/app/session/dds.py
index 67832de..48fc334 100644
--- a/backend/app/session/dds.py
+++ b/backend/app/session/dds.py
@@ -446,6 +446,7 @@ class DdsDesk(BaseModel):
                             services[0], ServiceStatus.ACCEPTED, command.comment,
                             author="диспетчер",
                         )
+                        session.consecutive_refusals = 0
                     except StatusError:
                         pass  # статус уже стоит: повторное нажатие ничего не меняет
             case "card.status":
@@ -462,6 +463,13 @@ class DdsDesk(BaseModel):
                 # Первичный статус останавливает норматив 30 секунд.
                 if command.status in PRIMARY:
                     card.on_event("card.ack")
+                    # Сигнал реестра "повторные отказы" считает подряд идущие
+                    # отказы, а не сумму за занятие.
+                    session.consecutive_refusals = (
+                        session.consecutive_refusals + 1
+                        if command.status is ServiceStatus.DECLINED
+                        else 0
+                    )
                 if command.status in {
                     ServiceStatus.COMPLETED, ServiceStatus.DECLINED, ServiceStatus.REFUSED,
                 }:
diff --git a/backend/app/session/hub.py b/backend/app/session/hub.py
index 056c616..3a2bc29 100644
--- a/backend/app/session/hub.py
+++ b/backend/app/session/hub.py
@@ -314,6 +314,12 @@ class SessionHub:
     def observer_count(self, session_id: UUID) -> int:
         return len(self._observers.get(session_id, set()))
 
+    def station_connected(self, session_id: UUID) -> bool:
+        return bool(self._stations.get(session_id))
+
+    def trainee_connected(self, session_id: UUID) -> bool:
+        return bool(self._trainees.get(session_id))
+
     # ── такт таймеров ──
 
     def start_ticker(self, session_id: UUID) -> None:
diff --git a/backend/app/session/state.py b/backend/app/session/state.py
index 166e611..38a1491 100644
--- a/backend/app/session/state.py
+++ b/backend/app/session/state.py
@@ -124,6 +124,9 @@ class PersistedSession(BaseModel):
     #: a lost WebSocket acknowledgement cannot apply an operation twice.
     processed_station_commands: list[str] = Field(default_factory=list)
     text_revealed_facts: dict[str, str] = Field(default_factory=dict)
+    #: Подряд идущих первичных отказов без принятой карточки между ними —
+    #: сигнал реестра преподавателя, не влияет на балл.
+    consecutive_refusals: int = 0
 
     @field_validator("processed_station_commands")
     @classmethod
@@ -170,6 +173,9 @@ class SessionState(PersistedSession):
     voice: object | None = Field(default=None, exclude=True)
     recorder: object | None = Field(default=None, exclude=True)
     recording_path: str | None = Field(default=None, exclude=True)
+    #: Когда реестр преподавателя последний раз видел подключённый сокет
+    #: курсанта (станция ДДС или звонок 112) — для сигнала "не на связи".
+    socket_last_seen_at: datetime | None = Field(default=None, exclude=True)
 
     def persisted(self) -> PersistedSession:
         """Сохраняемая часть без копирования — то, что уходит в снимок."""
diff --git a/backend/tests/test_checkpoint_model.py b/backend/tests/test_checkpoint_model.py
index 6ec7a19..1402aad 100644
--- a/backend/tests/test_checkpoint_model.py
+++ b/backend/tests/test_checkpoint_model.py
@@ -161,6 +161,7 @@ def full_state() -> SessionState:
         resolve_comment="передано в другой регион",
         processed_station_commands=[str(uuid4())],
         text_revealed_facts={"f_address": "улица Ленина, 14"},
+        consecutive_refusals=2,
     )
 
 
diff --git a/backend/tests/test_session_signals.py b/backend/tests/test_session_signals.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8b1d533
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/tests/test_session_signals.py
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+"""Колонка сигналов реестра: очередь, повторные отказы, курсант не на связи."""
+
+import time
+from datetime import UTC, datetime, timedelta
+from uuid import uuid4
+
+import pytest
+from fastapi.testclient import TestClient
+
+from app.api.http import sessions as sessions_http
+from app.config import get_settings
+from app.main import app
+from app.session.hub import hub
+from app.session.store import MemorySessionStore
+
+POOL = ["fire-apartment-l2", "t01-1-fire-container"]
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def client(monkeypatch):
+    monkeypatch.setenv("DEV_AUTH_BYPASS", "true")
+    get_settings.cache_clear()
+
+    async def audit_override(*_args, **_kwargs):
+        return None
+
+    async def optional_session_override():
+        yield None
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(sessions_http, "audit_required", audit_override)
+    monkeypatch.setitem(
+        app.dependency_overrides, sessions_http.optional_session, optional_session_override
+    )
+    try:
+        with TestClient(app) as test_client:
+            test_client.post("/api/auth/dev-token")
+            hub.store = MemorySessionStore()
+            yield test_client
+    finally:
+        get_settings.cache_clear()
+
+
+def wait_for(predicate, timeout=3):
+    end = time.monotonic() + timeout
+    while time.monotonic() < end:
+        value = predicate()
+        if value:
+            return value
+        time.sleep(0.02)
+    raise AssertionError("состояние не обновилось")
+
+
+def read_until(socket, wanted):
+    received = []
+    for _ in range(20):
+        event = socket.receive_json()
+        received.append(event["type"])
+        if event["type"] == wanted:
+            return event
+    raise AssertionError(f"событие {wanted} не пришло; получены: {received}")
+
+
+def start_two_card_dds(client):
+    session_id = uuid4()
+    context = client.websocket_connect(f"/ws/control/{session_id}")
+    control = context.__enter__()
+    control.send_json({
+        "type": "scenario.start",
+        "scenario_id": POOL[0],
+        "trainee": "Иванов",
+        "mode": "training",
+        "exercise": "dds",
+        "random_scenario_ids": POOL,
+    })
+    wait_for(lambda: hub.get(session_id))
+    return session_id, control
+
+
+def row_for(client, session_id):
+    rows = client.get("/api/sessions/active").json()
+    return next(item for item in rows if item["session_id"] == str(session_id))
+
+
+def signal_kinds(row):
+    return {signal["kind"] for signal in row["signals"]}
+
+
+def test_signal_backlog_when_queue_reaches_threshold(client, monkeypatch):
+    monkeypatch.setenv("SIGNAL_BACKLOG_THRESHOLD", "2")
+    get_settings.cache_clear()
+    session_id, control = start_two_card_dds(client)
+    try:
+        state = hub.get(session_id)
+        assert len(state.desk.cards) == 2, "оба билета должны прийти сразу без интервала"
+        row = row_for(client, session_id)
+        assert row["dds_open_cards"] == 2
+        assert "backlog" in signal_kinds(row)
+    finally:
+        hub.stop_ticker(session_id)
+        control.__exit__(None, None, None)
+
+
+def test_signal_refusals_after_two_consecutive_declines(client):
+    session_id, control = start_two_card_dds(client)
+    try:
+        state = hub.get(session_id)
+        first_card, second_card = state.desk.ordered()
+        with client.websocket_connect(f"/ws/station/{session_id}?role=dds") as station:
+            read_until(station, "station.state")
+            first_service = state.card_services(first_card)[0]
+            station.send_json({
+                "type": "card.status", "service": first_service, "status": "declined",
+                "comment": "не наш адрес, передано в УК",
+            })
+            read_until(station, "station.state")
+
+            row = row_for(client, session_id)
+            assert "refusals" not in signal_kinds(row), "одного отказа недостаточно для сигнала"
+
+            station.send_json({"type": "card.open", "card_id": str(second_card.card_id)})
+            read_until(station, "station.state")
+            second_service = state.card_services(second_card)[0]
+            station.send_json({
+                "type": "card.status", "service": second_service, "status": "declined",
+                "comment": "не наша территория, передано в ОМВД",
+            })
+            read_until(station, "station.state")
+
+        row = row_for(client, session_id)
+        assert state.consecutive_refusals == 2
+        assert "refusals" in signal_kinds(row)
+    finally:
+        hub.stop_ticker(session_id)
+        control.__exit__(None, None, None)
+
+
+def test_signal_offline_when_station_socket_is_closed_past_the_window(client):
+    session_id, control = start_two_card_dds(client)
+    try:
+        state = hub.get(session_id)
+        with client.websocket_connect(f"/ws/station/{session_id}?role=dds") as station:
+            read_until(station, "station.state")
+            row = row_for(client, session_id)
+            assert "offline" not in signal_kinds(row), "сокет подключён — сигнала быть не должно"
+
+        window = get_settings().signal_offline_window_seconds
+        state.socket_last_seen_at = datetime.now(UTC) - timedelta(seconds=window + 1)
+        row = row_for(client, session_id)
+        assert "offline" in signal_kinds(row)
+    finally:
+        hub.stop_ticker(session_id)
+        control.__exit__(None, None, None)
diff --git a/frontend/src/pages/instructor/Instructor.tsx b/frontend/src/pages/instructor/Instructor.tsx
index 3c1f435..d7dd1de 100644
--- a/frontend/src/pages/instructor/Instructor.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/pages/instructor/Instructor.tsx
@@ -338,7 +338,7 @@ export function Instructor() {
           Список ваших активных сессий обновляется автоматически каждые 2 секунды.
         </p>
         <div className="dds-table-wrap"><table className="grid">
-          <thead><tr><th>Курсант</th><th>Упражнение · карточка</th><th>Ход</th><th>ДДС</th><th>Задержки</th><th></th></tr></thead>
+          <thead><tr><th>Курсант</th><th>Упражнение · карточка</th><th>Ход</th><th>ДДС</th><th>Задержки</th><th>Сигналы</th><th></th></tr></thead>
           <tbody>
             {(activeSessions.data ?? []).map((item) => (
               <tr key={item.session_id}>
@@ -383,12 +383,17 @@ export function Instructor() {
                     ? `Просрочено: первичная реакция ${item.dds_overdue_cards}; отработка карточки ${item.dds_work_overdue_cards}`
                     : "Нормативы не нарушены"}
                 </td>
+                <td className={item.signals.length ? `state-${item.signals[0].severity}` : "state-ok"}>
+                  {item.signals.length
+                    ? item.signals.map((signal) => <span key={signal.kind}>{signal.text}<br /></span>)
+                    : "Сигналов нет"}
+                </td>
                 <td><button type="button" onClick={() => openActiveSession(item)}>
                   {sessionId === item.session_id ? "Открыто" : "Наблюдать"}
                 </button></td>
               </tr>
             ))}
-            {!activeSessions.data?.length && <tr><td colSpan={6}>
+            {!activeSessions.data?.length && <tr><td colSpan={7}>
               {activeSessions.isLoading ? "Загружаем активные занятия…" : "Активных занятий пока нет."}
             </td></tr>}
           </tbody>
diff --git a/frontend/src/shared/api/http.ts b/frontend/src/shared/api/http.ts
index 369e206..373e155 100644
--- a/frontend/src/shared/api/http.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/shared/api/http.ts
@@ -94,6 +94,12 @@ export interface SessionInfo {
   end_reason: string | null;
 }
 
+export interface Signal {
+  kind: "backlog" | "refusals" | "offline";
+  severity: "warn" | "violated";
+  text: string;
+}
+
 export interface ActiveSessionInfo {
   session_id: string;
   trainee_name: string | null;
@@ -109,6 +115,7 @@ export interface ActiveSessionInfo {
   dds_work_overdue_cards: number;
   dds_statuses: Record<string, string>;
   dds_snapshot: StationSnapshot | null;
+  signals: Signal[];
 }
 
 export const useActiveSessions = () =>